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RSSCategory: Psychiatry

Astrocytes Use ATP as a Signal to Regulate Synaptic Plasticity Of Neural Circuits

| 2012.10.14

Astrocytes actively participate in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of neural circuits. Astrocyte activation is both necessary and sufficient for mediating hLTD accompanying LTP induction. Heterosynaptic long-term depression (hLTD) at synapses accompanying the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) spatially sharpens the activity-induced synaptic potentiation. Heterosynaptic long-term depression in the hippocampal CA1 region is caused by stimulation-induced ATP release from astrocytes that suppresses transmitter release from synaptic terminals via activation of P2Y receptors. Selective stimulation of astrocytes resulted in LTD of synapses on neighboring neurons. This synaptic modification required Ca(2+) elevation in astrocytes and activation of P2Y receptors, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Blocking P2Y receptors or buffering astrocyte intracellular Ca(2+) at a low level prevented hLTD without affecting LTP

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Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone improves Cognition in Older Adults and Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

| 2012.10.13

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone, and insulinlike growth factor 1 have potent effects on brain function, their levels decrease with advancing age, and they likely play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Previously, we reported favorable cognitive effects of short-term GHRH administration in healthy older adults and provided preliminary evidence to suggest a similar benefit in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The intent-to-treat analysis indicated a favorable effect of GHRH on cognition which was comparable in adults with MCI and healthy older adults. Subsequent analyses indicated a positive GHRH effect on executive function and a trend showing a similar treatment-related benefit in verbal memory. Treatment with GHRH increased insulinlike growth factor 1 levels by 117%, which remained within the physiological range, and reduced percent body fat by 7.4%. Treatment with GHRH increased fasting insulin levels within the normal range by 35% in adults with MCI but not in healthy adults. Adverse events were mild and were reported by 68% of GHRH-treated adults and 36% of those who received placebo.

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Thioridazine Inhibits Peroxisomal β-oxidation, Leading to Increased Very Long Chain Fatty Acids and Beta-Amyloid Peptide and an Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

| 2012.10.10

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is generated from sequential cleavages of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Increased very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels in AD brains imply that peroxisomal β-oxidation dysfunction may be associated with AD pathogenesis. Thioridazine is a selective peroxisomal β-oxidation inhibitor. Thioridazine caused VLCFA accumulation and increases in Aβ(40) content, APP immunoreactivity and APP(751+770) mRNA expressions in the rat cerebral cortex. Impaired peroxisomal function may play an important role in the progression of AD pathology.

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A comparison of psychiatry and internal medicine

| 2012.09.02

A comparison of psychiatry and internal medicine: a bibliometric study Acad Psychiatry. 2012 Mar 1;36(2):129-32 Stone K, Whitham EA, Ghaemi SN Abstract OBJECTIVE: Psychiatric education needs to expose students to a broad range of topics. One resource for psychiatric education, both during initial training and in later continuing medical education, is the scientific literature, as [...]

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Reduced GABA Concentration in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderReduced GABA Concentration in ADHD.

| 2012.09.02

Reduced GABA Concentration in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderReduced GABA Concentration in ADHD Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Jul 1;69(7):750-3 Authors: Edden RA, Crocetti D, Zhu H, Gilbert DL, Mostofsky SH Abstract CONTEXT Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder characterized by a deficit in behavioral inhibition. Recent evidence also suggests a deficit in cortical inhibition via the GABA [...]

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Antidepressant Combination for Major Depression: Flaws in Evidenced-Based Medicine

| 2012.08.27

Antidepressant combination for major depression in incomplete responders-a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2012 Jul 24; Authors: Lopes Rocha F, Fuzikawa C, Riera R, Ramos MG, Hara C Abstract BACKGROUND: Antidepressant combination has been suggested as a strategy to increase treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis [...]

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Children with ADHD and Anger have a Mood Disorder Too

| 2012.08.24

Pediatric bipolar disorder and ADHD: Family history comparison in the LAMS clinical sample J Affect Disord. 2012 Mar 30; Authors: Arnold LE, Mount K, Frazier T, Demeter C, Youngstrom EA, Fristad MA, Birmaher B, Horwitz S, Findling RL, Kowatch R, Axelson D Abstract   BACKGROUND: Transgenerational association of bipolar spectrum disorder (BPSD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity [...]

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The Problem of Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy’s Effect on Suicidality

| 2012.08.24

The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression on suicidality and hopelessness: A systematic review and meta-analysis J Affect Disord. 2012 Jul 23; Authors: Cuijpers P, de Beurs DP, van Spijker BA, Berking M, Andersson G, Kerkhof AJ Abstract BACKGROUND: Although treatment guidelines suggest that suicidal patients with depression should be treated for depression with psychotherapy, [...]

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Celebrex is a Potent Antidepressant

| 2012.08.23

Effect of celecoxib add-on treatment on symptoms and serum IL-6 concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study J Affect Disord. 2012 Apr 18; Authors: Abbasi SH, Hosseini F, Modabbernia A, Ashrafi M, Akhondzadeh S Abstract BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that the mechanism of the antidepressant effect of celecoxib is linked [...]

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Residual Memory Dysfunction In Major Depressive Disorder Means Incomplete Treatment

| 2012.08.17

Residual memory dysfunction in recurrent major depressive disorder-A longitudinal study from Juntendo University Mood Disorder Project J Affect Disord. 2012 Jul 23; Authors: Maeshima H, Baba H, Nakano Y, Satomura E, Namekawa Y, Takebayashi N, Suzuki T, Mimura M, Arai H Abstract BACKGROUND: Depression may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Large cohort studies [...]

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Maternal Gluten Sensitivity Raises Risk for Psychosis in Children

| 2012.08.17

Maternal antibodies to dietary antigens and risk for nonaffective psychosis in offspring   Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;169(6):625-32 Authors: Karlsson H, Blomström Å, Wicks S, Yang S, Yolken RH, Dalman C Abstract OBJECTIVE:The authors analyzed archival dried blood spots obtained from newborns to assess whether levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed at dietary antigens were [...]

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Bereavement Induces Systemic Inflammation

| 2012.08.16

When grief makes you sick: Bereavement induced systemic inflammation is a question of genotype Authors: Schultze-Florey CR, Martínez-Maza O, Magpantay L, Breen EC, Irwin MR, Gündel H, O’Connor MFBrain Behav Immun. 2012 Jun 23; Abstract Although bereavement is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the surviving spouse, some widow(er)s remain healthy. Genetic variability in expression [...]

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Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

| 2012.08.16

The Nature of Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and What This Means for Treatment: Meta-analysis of Imaging Studies   Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Apr 2; Authors: Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E, Stahl D, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Kapur S Abstract CONTEXT: Current drug treatments for schizophrenia are inadequate for many patients, and despite 5 decades [...]

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Eye Movement Tests For Schizophrenia

| 2012.08.15

Simple Viewing Tests Can Detect Eye Movement Abnormalities That Distinguish Schizophrenia Cases from Controls with Exceptional Accuracy.   Biol Psychiatry. 2012 May 22; Authors: Benson PJ, Beedie SA, Shephard E, Giegling I, Rujescu D, St Clair D Abstract BACKGROUND: We have investigated which eye-movement tests alone and combined can best discriminate schizophrenia cases from control [...]

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Because They Are Still Ill…

| 2012.08.14

Why do some depressed outpatients who are in remission according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale not consider themselves to be in remission? J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):790-5 Authors: Zimmerman M, Martinez JA, Attiullah N, Friedman M, Toba C, Boerescu DA, Rahgeb M Abstract OBJECTIVE: In treatment studies of depression, remission is typically defined narrowly, based [...]

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Substitute Autism for this finding: Poor nutrition at age 3 is associated with schizotypal personality at age 23

| 2012.08.14

Poor nutrition at age 3 and schizotypal personality at age 23: the mediating role of age 11 cognitive functioning.   Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 1;169(8):822-30 Authors: Venables PH, Raine A Abstract OBJECTIVE: Poor prenatal nutrition has been associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the Netherlands and China, and it has been suggested that perinatal and postnatal [...]

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N-acetylcysteine reduces Cannabis Dependence

| 2012.08.13

A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents.   Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 1;169(8):805-12 Authors: Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Desantis SM, Kryway E, Hartwell KJ, McRae-Clark AL, Brady KT Abstract OBJECTIVE: Preclinical findings suggest that the over-the-counter supplement N-acetylcysteine (NAC), via glutamate modulation in the nucleus accumbens, holds promise as [...]

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Metformin reduces antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea and weight gain in women with schizophrenia

| 2012.08.13

Metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea and weight gain in women with first-episode schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study   Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 1;169(8):813-21 Authors: Wu RR, Jin H, Gao K, Twamley EW, Ou JJ, Shao P, Wang J, Guo XF, Davis JM, Chan PK, Zhao JP Abstract OBJECTIVE: Data on the treatment [...]

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Glucocorticoids Protect Against Effects of Stress on the Amygdala

| 2012.08.12

Glucocorticoids Protect Against the Delayed Behavioral and Cellular Effects of Acute Stress on the Amygdala. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 May 7; Authors: Rao RP, Anilkumar S, McEwen BS, Chattarji S Abstract BACKGROUND: A single episode of acute immobilization stress has previously been shown to trigger a delayed onset of anxiety-like behavior and spinogenesis in the basolateral [...]

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Antidepressants are still useful – they increase neurogenesis and angiogenesis

| 2012.08.12

Hippocampal Angiogenesis and Progenitor Cell Proliferation Are Increased with Antidepressant Use in Major Depression.   Biol Psychiatry. 2012 May 30; Authors: Boldrini M, Hen R, Underwood MD, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Arango V Abstract BACKGROUND: Adult neurogenesis is coupled to angiogenesis in neurogenic niches in the dentate gyrus (DG) and increased by antidepressants in rodents. [...]

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